Astana, which replaced the former capital of Kazakhstan, Almaty, in 1997, is arguably one of the coldest places in the world. On average temperatures fall to - 20 C and winters typically last from November until May. In 2016, schools were actually closed for four days as temperatures dropped to - 32 C. Currently it is only beaten by Ulaanbaatar in Mongolia for the title of the coldest capital in the world.