Dutch voters go to the polls with far-right party set for major gains
A weighted opinion polls shows anti-Islam firebrand Geert Wilders' Freedom Party (PVV) tied for the lead with the conservative People's Party for Freedom
A woman casts her ballot at the Rijksmuseum Twenthe museum in Enschede
At stake in the election is also whether voters in one of Europe's most prosperous countries are willing to continue funding climate policies, such as an expensive rollout of offshore wind farms amid a cost-of-living shock across the continent.
With the Netherlands a founding member of the EU, and Mr Rutte a key operator in EU summits, fellow leaders will also be scrutinising the outcome as parties on the right have suggested seeking exemptions from the bloc's rules on agriculture and immigration.
Voting booths will close at 9 pm local time (8pm GMT), when national broadcaster NOS publishes its first exit poll.
Mr Rutte will remain in a caretaker role until a new government is installed, likely in the first half of 2024.