The black box - one of the two on board the plane - was damaged but that the vessel searching for the wreckage managed to safely recover the "memory unit, which is the most important in the recorder", the committee said.
The voice recorder should contain a record of the last 30 minutes in the cockpit, and is equipped to detect even loud breathing.
Experts say that it takes nearly 48 hours to retrieve data from the recorder, unless it is damaged.
Thursday's announcement comes a day after the committee said a search vessel had spotted and obtained images from the wreckage.
After the crash, Egypt's civil aviation minister Sherif Fathi said he believed terrorism was a more likely explanation than equipment failure or some other catastrophic event.
However, no hard evidence has emerged on the cause, and no militant group has claimed to have downed the jet.
