Shadow business secretary Chuka Umunna said Labour had been leading the charge for a "more responsible capitalism".
"Since the Tory-led government came to office the number of actions taken against suspected fraudulent or reckless directors has fallen at the same time as the number of incidences of suspected fraud has increased," he said.
"The Government has failed to act on measures like putting employees on remuneration committees, creating more transparency and accountability on how fund managers vote on pension holders' behalf, or empowering shareholders."
Matthew Fell, CBI director for competitive markets, said: "We support the broad drive for greater trust and transparency to promote more responsible capitalism.
"Any changes to switch directors' primary duty away from the shareholder would be a significant shift in company law, which could erode companies' investment appeal.
"We don't want to end up with a pick-and-mix approach to corporate governance standards for different sectors of the economy.
"This would also throw up lots of practical issues, for example what rules would apply to organisations which run banks as part of their larger group?"